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[…] to set up a Python development environment as a PHP developer. Summary If you’re curious about everything covered in this article, here’s a list: Installing Python via Homebrew Setting Up Visual Studio Code Installing the Python Extension Configuration the Python Environment Python Coding Standards Debugging Python Code GitHub Copilot Installing the Extension Generating DocBlocks Explaining Code Conclusion Resources Visual Studio Code and Other Tools for Python Development Installing Python via Homebrew The majority of the software I install is through Homebrew and I’ve covered it more extensively in the article I wrote when I first set up the machine I use each day. You can check to see if Python is already installed on your system by running $ which python on your machine. At this point, though, you’ll likely see something like python not found. This is because the Python binary is, at the time of this writing, is python3. So run $ which python3 and if you’re given a path, then you’ve got it installed. If not, run the following: $ brew install python After this, you should be able to run: $ python3 –version And you’ll see the current version you’re running. For this article, I’m running 3.9.6. Don’t Forget pip pip is a Python package manager much like Composer is a PHP package manager so I’ve not found a reason not to install it. It should be installed by default if you’ve installed Python via Homebrew. Make sure you’re running the latest version. To do this, enter: $ pip3 install –upgrade pip Once the process is done, the initial work for installing and setting up Python is done. Setting Up Visual Studio Code My goal is to make sure I can swap between PHP development and Python development as quickly as possible by just opening a new instance of the IDE. Installing the Python Extension To install the Python extension for Visual Studio Code: Navigate to the Extensions you have installed (you can use cmd+shift+x on macOS to do this. If Python is not already installed, search for python and make sure it’s the extension that’s authored by Microsoft. Install it and, if requested, restart Visual Studio Code. Before getting started with Python in Visual Studio Code, there are still a few things to do. Configuring the Python Environment If you’re like me, then whenever you restart Visual Studio Code, it’s going to have Python installed but still look and function much like it would any other time you open it. That is, it’s going to act like it’s a standard PHP editor. Things change whenever you want to start a new Python-based project (be a single file or something more complex). Select the Python Interpreter you want to use in your projects. To do this, open the command palette by first pressed cmd+p then typing “Python: Select Interpreter“. Essentially this is asking which version or which binary, of all those that may exist on your system, do you want to use when running your code. Depending on your set up, you’ll see a number of different options (one will also be Global and one will also be Recommended). I favor the Recommended option because it should be the one provided by Homebrew (though it’s possible to have both Global and Recommended be the same, too). You can now create a new Python file or open an existing one. The Python extension provides various features, including code highlighting, code completion, linting, debugging, and more. If you opt to create a new file, you’ll need to choose an environment type in the current workspace. There are two types, Venv and Conda. What you opt to use depends on your needs. For the purposes of this article, I’m using Venv. At this point, Visual Studio Code is ready for Python-based projects along with everything that comes with the environment. This includes IntelliSense, debugging, and running scripts. But if you’re coming from another development background, you know there’s more to do such as debugging code, coding standards, sniffing and fixing code, docblocks, and and using modern tools like GitHub Copilot to help with any, all, and more than the above. Python Coding Standards As is the same with other programming languages, Python has it’s own set of coding standards. When it comes to using Python, all of this is already built into the extension out-of-the-box so there’s very little that we have to do. PHP Coding Standards, DocStrings, etc. First though, it’s worth knowing where to look should you need to reference something just in case. At least this is what I find to be the case whenever I’m curious about some standard or decision the plugin makes when it formats my code. Here’s a concise list of resources I have available: PEP 8 — Style Guide for Python Code. PEP 8 is the official style guide for Python code. PEP 257 – Docstring Conventions. PEP 257 provides guidelines for writing docstrings (documentation strings) in your code. Python Coding Style and Naming Convention. A guide on coding style and naming conventions in Python. Using the Python Extension to Format Code Assuming you’ve got a file set up in Visual Studio Code, call it hello.py or whatever you’d like, and you’ve selected Venv (or Conda, should you so choose) as your environment of choice, then you’re ready to start writing code, formatting it, and adding inline code to it. First, in your settings.json file, make sure that you’ve added the following directives: “editor.formatOnSave”: true, “”: { “editor.defaultFormatter”: “ms-python.autopep8”, }, This will ensure that even if you miss any formatting in the document, it will format it whenever you save it. Secondly, start by writing a basic function that’s essentially the classic Hello World except it will accept a string and say Hello to whatever you pass to it. def hello(str): return “Hello ” + str + “!” Obviously this function won’t do anything until it’s invoked. So it’s possible to either just invoke the function by using print or we can get a bit more involved with Python and look at how to accept command line arguments while building out this functionality. Let’s do the latter. To do this, we’ll need to import the sys package and then look at the arguments that are passed to the script. A very rudimentary way of doing this is to look at the arguments and blindly accept the first argument as the the name. import sys def hello(str): return “Hello ” + str + “!” args = sys.argv if len(args) > 1: print(hello(args)) Now when you run the script, you can run $ python3 hello.py Tom and the output should simply be “Hello Tom!” But, as mentioned, there are a lot of problems with this implementation the least of which is not blindly accepting output. I’ll come back to this point later in the article. Before finishing, let’s add one more function that’s formatted like this: def goodbye(str): return “Goodbye ” + str + “!” Functionally, this looks fine but it’s ill-formatted per the Python coding standards and if you’re editor is properly set up, then you should see something like the following image: When you hover over the underlined code, you’ll see a message that reads Expected indented block. So indent the block per the coding standards and you should be good to go. Finally, update the main file to say goodbye so that it looks like this: import sys def hello(str): return “Hello ” + str + “!” def goodbye(str): return “Goodbye ” + str + “!” args = sys.argv if len(args) > 1: print(hello(args)) print(goodbye(args)) Debugging Python Code When working with PHP, it’s a bit of work to get Xdebug set up and working and configured in Visual Studio Code. It’s not has bad as it once was, but it’s also more of an involved process than it is in Python. Out-of-the-box, the Python extension for Visual Studio Code handles the majority of this for us. Instead of having to configure any third-party module, enable it in a configuration file, then set up a configuration in the IDE, we simply set breakpoints, add watches, and all of the usual actual debugging tasks in Visual Studio code. Then we just tell the editor to Run and Debug. But given the code above, we can’t simply press a button and run because it’s expecting input from the terminal. There are two ways to handle this. We can set up an else so that it defaults to an empty string, We can edit the code inline during debugging. Each of these are useful in their own context. Set Up a Conditional The easiest route is to first set up an else case. The block of code may not look like this args = sys.argv if len(args) > 1: print(hello(args)) print(goodbye(args)) else: print(hello(“World”)) print(goodbye(“World”)) Now if you run the script from the command line, you should see it output Hello World! It should also output Goodbye World! Now if you set a breakpoint on either of the function calls, let’s say print(hello(“World”)) and start the debugger, you’ll see the familiar interface that you see when debugging PHP. From here, you can do the usual debugging behavior. If you’ve set the same breakpoint as I’ve set above, then click on Run and Debug and you should see see the debugger hit breakpoints, add variables to the Watch list, and all of the usual inspections that you can do to variables, function calls, and so on. But if you’re debugging arguments that come in via the command-line, what then? Edit Values Inline I don’t know how often you’ve done this in the past but I’ve find when working with web applications, this can be extremely useful especially with data coming in from another source (like a POST request). To do this in Visual Studio Code, simply set a breakpoint as you normally would. Assuming you’ve got a variable name set in the Watch list and the breakpoint is on the line where the variable is invoked, then you can modify it by two-finger Set Value. This will allow you to change the value in real time and then see the output of the result once done. And if you want to do this with command-line arguments, then set a breakpoint and a watch when args is set and change the value to and you’ll find that you’ve now simulated updating command line arguments. GitHub Copilot As a developer, one of the coolest or nicest or more useful tools to come out in the last year is GitHub Copilot and GitHub Copilot Chat I’ve talked a little bit about my thoughts on using AI when writing software and I stand by it. This particular extension has made it easier to more quickly understand code when I’m lacking context, generate docblocks faster and more concisely than I normally can, and even recommend suggestions for making sure I’m following best practices regardless of what I’m doing. But in the context of using Python especially as someone who’s more rusty on it than other languages, I’ve found it extremely helpful when bringing me up to speed when I want to achieve something (such as how to retrieve command line arguments). To do this, though, we need to install and configure the extension. Installing The Extension First, I recommend installing both of the following: GitHub Copilot. This utility is primarily focused on helping developers write code more efficiently by providing intelligent code suggestions and autocompletions based on the context of their code. It is designed to enhance the developer’s coding experience. GitHub Copilot Chat. GitHub Copilot Chat beta provides a natural language chat interface to engage with GitHub Copilot, an AI developer tool or “AI pair programmer,” and get coding information and support for tasks from explaining code to finding issues and fixing them. Note this is free for open source projects. If you’re working on anything that’s licensed as such, then there’s no need to pay; however, if you’re working on anything that’s closed source, it costs money. Further, note that whatever license you use, make sure you pay attention to the settings GitHub asks as it will ask if it can use your source code to training their language model. For some, it’s not a big deal; for others, this isn’t something you want to do; however, if you’re working in open source, it’s probably expected to share it. If you’re ensure and you’re not self-employed or you’re using it for an official project for your employer or for someone else, then be sure to ask them. Generating DocBlocks Assuming you’ve got GitHub Copilot and Copilot Chat installed, here’s how you can use it to quickly generate aspects of your code that are generally mundane (such as DocBlocks). Looking at the following function: def hello(str): return “Hello ” + str + “!” Let’s ask Copilot to generate a docblock for it. There are two ways to do this: You can ask Copilot to generate it inline using a menu item and then ‘accept’ the results to have them automatically inserted. You can ask Copilot Chat to generate it and then copy and paste the results into the editor. We’ll look at an example of the latter in the next section so let’s use the first option to generate a docblock. First, two-finger click or right-click on the function signature and select Copilot > Generate Docs. Once it’s done processing the code, you’ll likely see something like this: For the purposes of this acrticle, I’ll accept it. Once done, your function should look something like this: def hello(str): “”” Returns a greeting message with the provided string. Args: str (str): The name or string to be greeted. Returns: str: A greeting message with the provided string. “”” return “Hello ” + str + “!” You can do this for the rest of the functions in this file or whatever file on which you’re working. In addition to making this much quicker, it also follows the coding conventions of Python so you don’t have to tweak it after the fact. Explaining Code Now let’s use Copilot Chat to explain a section of code in the chat window provided by the extension. Since we know how to generate documentation, let’s use the feature to explain the conditional we have. Specifically, let’s look at this: args = sys.argv if len(args) > 1: print(hello(args)) print(goodbye(args)) else: print(hello(“World”)) print(goodbye(“World”)) Select the block of code in Code, then click on the Copilot Chat icon in the Activity Bar. Next, you can either prompt it with something like “Explain this code” or you can use one of the built in commands it offers such as /explain. If you use the latter, it should return a lengthy response. Something like this, perhaps: This Python code reads command-line arguments using the sys.argv list. If there is more than one argument, it calls the hello and goodbye functions with the first argument and prints the results. If there is only one argument, it calls the same functions with the string “World” and prints the results. The hello function takes a string argument and returns a greeting message that includes the argument. The goodbye function takes a string argument and returns a farewell message that includes the argument. This code demonstrates how to use command-line arguments in Python and how to call functions with arguments. It also shows how to use conditional statements to handle different cases based on the number of arguments passed in. To improve the readability of this code, we could add comments to explain what each part of the code does. We could also use more descriptive function and variable names to make the code easier to understand. Additionally, we could use f-strings to format the greeting and farewell messages instead of concatenating strings. If you want to make the code more succinct, leave the block of code highlighted then prompt Chat with “Make this code more succinct.” It should return something like this: arg = sys.argv if len(sys.argv) > 1 else “World” print(hello(arg)) print(goodbye(arg)) And for good measure, let’s ask it to generate a single-line comment to explain what this block of code is doing. We […]